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<title>TimeTree</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">TimeTree</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Timetree" title="Timetree">Timetree</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">TimeTree</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">S. Blair Hedges, Joel Dudley, Sudhir Kumar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">2006</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">v5.0

/ 2022</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Freeware</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timetree.org/">www<wbr>.timetree<wbr>.org</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>TimeTree</b> is a free public database developed by <a href="Stephen_Blair_Hedges" title="Stephen Blair Hedges">S. Blair Hedges</a> and Sudhir Kumar, now at <a href="Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>, for presenting times of divergence in the <a href="Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">tree of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timetree_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timetree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tt-2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic concept has been to produce and present a community consensus of the <a href="Timetree" title="Timetree">timetree</a> of life <sup id="cite_ref-tt-book_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tt-clock_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-clock-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from published studies, and allow easy access to that information on the web or mobile device.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The database permits searching for average node times between two <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> or higher taxa, viewing a timeline from the perspective of a taxon, which shows all divergences back to the origin of life, and building a <a href="Timetree" title="Timetree">timetree</a> of a chosen taxon or user-submitted group of taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TimeTree has been used in public education to conceptualize the evolution of life, such as in high school settings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Attenborough's Emmy Award-winning film and television program <a href="David_Attenborough's_Rise_of_Animals%3A_Triumph_of_the_Vertebrates" title="David Attenborough's Rise of Animals: Triumph of the Vertebrates">Rise of Animals</a> used Hedges and Kumar's<sup id="cite_ref-tt-book_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> circular <a href="Timetree" title="Timetree">timetree</a> of life, generated from the TimeTree database, as a framework for the production. The <a href="Timetree" title="Timetree">timetree</a> was brought to life using animated computer-generated imagery in scenes every 10 minutes during the 2-hour movie. The original development of TimeTree, by Hedges and Kumar, dates to the late 1990s, with initial support from NASA Astrobiology Institute. Since then, it has been supported by additional grants from NASA, and by NSF and NIH. The current version (v5) was released in 2022 and contains data from 4,075 studies and 137,306 species.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

<p>TimeTree users can search for the names of two species, such as cat and dog, to obtain the mean and median time estimates for their divergence, in millions of years. The results also show all individual time estimates, from each study, next to a geologic timescale, indicating geologic periods. Different aspects of the Earth's environment are shown next to the timescale for comparison, including Earth impacts, solar luminosity, carbon dioxide levels, and oxygen levels. Separately, a table lists the time estimates, downloadable as a spreadsheet, from each study along with references and links to the abstracts of the original articles. Users can download the original study data as <a href="Newick_format" title="Newick format">Newick</a>-formatted timetrees for further research. In the timeline search, users type the name of a taxon, and all divergences back to the origin of life are show with their taxon names, in a vertical ladder-like figure. Timepanels of Earth's environment also are shown next to the geological timescale, as in all three search options. The third search option, <a href="Timetree" title="Timetree">timetree</a> search, involves building a <a href="Timetree" title="Timetree">timetree</a> by either specifying a taxon (group) name or uploading a list of species or other taxa. After specifying a group name, the user can choose which taxonomic level they prefer to view. For example, with a family group name, either a species-level or genus-level timetree can be selected. Then, the <a href="Timetree" title="Timetree">timetree</a> is show and can be output as a <a href="Newick_format" title="Newick format">Newick</a> file or image for publication. Times on the tree can be explored by clicking on nodes, and obtaining tables of data pertaining to the node. The database also allows search of <a href="Timetree" title="Timetree">timetree</a> articles by author name. The entire open-access book <i>Timetree of Life</i><sup id="cite_ref-tt-book_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is presented on the site.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHedgesDudleyKumar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hedges, S. Blair; Dudley, Joel; Kumar, Sudhir (4 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hedgeslab.org/pubs/180.pdf">"TimeTree: a public knowledge-base of divergence times among organisms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bioinformatics</i>. <b>22</b> (23). Oxford University Press: <span class="nowrap">2971–</span>2972. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtl505">10.1093/bioinformatics/btl505</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1367-4811">1367-4811</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17021158">17021158</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-tt-2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tt-2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tt-2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKumarHedges2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Sudhir; Hedges, S. Blair (2011-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3129528">"TimeTree2: species divergence times on the iPhone"</a>. <i>Bioinformatics</i>. <b>27</b> (14): <span class="nowrap">2023–</span>2024. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtr315">10.1093/bioinformatics/btr315</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1367-4803">1367-4803</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3129528">3129528</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21622662">21622662</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-tt-book-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tt-book_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tt-book_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tt-book_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHedgesKumar2009" class="citation book cs1">Hedges, S. Blair; Kumar, Sudhir (2009-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timetree.org/book"><i>The Timetree of Life</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-953503-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-tt-clock-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tt-clock_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHedgesMarinSuleskiPaymer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hedges, S. Blair; Marin, Julie; Suleski, Michael; Paymer, Madeline; Kumar, Sudhir (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4379413">"Tree of Life Reveals Clock-Like Speciation and Diversification"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>32</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">835–</span>845. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.4312">1412.4312</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsv037">10.1093/molbev/msv037</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-1719">1537-1719</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4379413">4379413</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25739733">25739733</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKumarSuleskiCraigKasprowicz2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Sudhir; Suleski, Michael; Craig, Jack; Kasprowicz, Adrienne; Sanderford, Maxwell; Li, Michael; Stecher, Glen; Hedges, S. Blair (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400175">"TimeTree 5: An Expanded Resource for Species Divergence Times"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>39</b> (8). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac174">10.1093/molbev/msac174</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400175">9400175</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35932227">35932227</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger_KJ2011" class="citation journal cs1">Metzger KJ (2011). "Helping Students Conceptualize Species Divergence Events using the Online Tool "TimeTree: The Timescale of Life"". <i>The American Biology Teacher</i>. <b>73</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">106–</span>108. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fabt.2011.73.2.9">10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.9</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85026876">85026876</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBabaianKumar2018" class="citation journal cs1">Babaian, Caryn; Kumar, Sudhir (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fabt.2018.80.9.650">"Time travel and the naturalist's notebook: Vladimir Nabokov meets the TimeTree of Life"</a>. <i>The American Biology Teacher</i>. <b>80</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">650–</span>658. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fabt.2018.80.9.650">10.1525/abt.2018.80.9.650</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91951552">91951552</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBabaianKumar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Babaian, Caryn; Kumar, Sudhir (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8104914">"Molecular memories of a Cambrian fossil"</a>. <i>The American Biology Teacher</i>. <b>82</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">586–</span>595. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fabt.2020.82.9.586">10.1525/abt.2020.82.9.586</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8104914">8104914</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33967280">33967280</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227304077">227304077</a>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timetree.org/">Official website</a></span></span> </li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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